Ngā taputapu nunui i whakatairanga i te matū nui i te tau 2022. Nā ngā huinga raraunga nunui me ngā taputapu nunui i āwhina ngā kaipūtaiao ki te aro atu ki te matū i runga i te tauine nui i tēnei tau.

Nā ngā taputapu nunui i whakaneke ake te matū nui i te tau 2022

Nā ngā huinga raraunga nunui me ngā taputapu nunui i āwhina ngā kaipūtaiao ki te aro atu ki te matū i runga i te tauine nui i tēnei tau.

nāAriana Remmel

Whiwhinga: Te Whare Rorohiko Ārahi o Oak Ridge i ORNL

Ko te rorohiko matua o Frontier i Oak Ridge National Laboratory te tuatahi o ngā mīhini o te whakatupuranga hou ka āwhina i ngā matū ki te whakahaere i ngā whakatauira ngota ngota he uaua rawa atu i mua.

I kitea e ngā kaipūtaiao ngā mea nunui me ngā taputapu nunui rawa atu i te tau 2022. I runga i te ia o te matauranga horihori matatau ki ngā matū, i tino angitu ngā kairangahau, i whakaako i ngā rorohiko ki te matapae i ngā hanganga pūmua i runga i te tauine kāore i kitea i mua. I te marama o Hūrae, i whakaputa te kamupene a Alphabet, a DeepMind, i tētahi pātengi raraunga kei roto ngā hanganga otata ki ngā pūmua katoa e mōhiotia ana—200 miriona neke atu ngā pūmua takitahi mai i te neke atu i te 100 miriona momo—e ai ki te matapae a te pūnaha ako mīhini AlphaFold. Kātahi, i te marama o Noema, i whakaatu te kamupene hangarau Meta i tana ahunga whakamua i roto i te hangarau matapae pūmua me te pūnaha AI e kiia nei koESMFoldI roto i tētahi rangahau i mua i te tānga kāore anō kia arotakehia e ngā hoa mahi, i kōrero ngā kairangahau Meta kāore tā rātou rauropi hou i te tino tika pērā i a AlphaFold engari he tere ake. Nā te tere kua piki ake, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te matapae i te 600 miriona hanganga i roto i ngā wiki e 2 noa iho (bioRxiv 2022, DOI:10.1101/2022.07.20.500902).

Kei te āwhina ngā tohunga koiora i te Kura Rongoā o Te Whare Wānanga o Washington (UW)whakawhānui ake i ngā āheinga matū koiora o ngā rorohiko ki tua atu i te tauira o te taiaomā te whakaako i ngā mīhini ki te whakaaro i ngā pūmua ritenga mai i te tīmatanga. I hangaia e David Baker o UW me tana tīma tētahi taputapu AI hou ka taea te hoahoa i ngā pūmua mā te whakapai ake i ngā tohutohu ngāwari, mā te whakakī rānei i ngā āputa i waenga i ngā wāhanga kua tohua o tētahi hanganga o nāianei (Pūtaiao2022, DOI:10.1126/pūtaiao.abn2100I whakarewahia anō hoki e te tīma tētahi kaupapa hou, ko ProteinMPNN, ka taea te tīmata mai i ngā āhua 3D kua hoahoatia me ngā huihuinga o ngā waeine pūmua maha, kātahi ka whakatau i ngā raupapatanga waikawa amino e hiahiatia ana hei hanga i aua mea kia whai hua (Pūtaiao2022, DOI:10.1126/pūtaiao.tāpiri2187;10.1126/pūtaiao.tāpiri1964). Ka taea e ēnei rauropi mātau ki ngā matū koiora te āwhina i ngā kaipūtaiao ki te hanga mahere mō ngā pūmua horihori ka taea te whakamahi i roto i ngā rauemi koiora hou me ngā rongoā.

Whiwhinga: Ian C. Haydon/UW Institute for Protein Design

Kei te āwhina ngā raupaparorohiko ako mīhini i ngā kaipūtaiao ki te tito i ngā pūmua hou me ngā mahi motuhake i roto i te hinengaro.

I te tipu haere o ngā wawata o ngā kaimātai matū rorohiko, ka tipu haere hoki ngā rorohiko e whakamahia ana hei whakatauira i te ao ngota. I te Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), i kite tuatahi ngā kaimātai matū i tētahi o ngā rorohiko tino kaha rawa atu kua hangaia.Ko te rorohiko nui exascale a ORNL, Frontier, kei roto i ngā mīhini tuatahi ki te tatau i te neke atu i te 1 quintillion ngā mahi mānu ia hekona, he waeine o te tātaitanga rorohiko. Ko taua tere rorohiko e toru ngā wā te tere atu i te toa o te wā, te rorohiko nui a Fugaku i Hapani. I te tau e whai ake nei, e rua atu ngā taiwhanga ā-motu e whakamahere ana ki te whakaatu i ngā rorohiko exascale i te US. Mā te mana rorohiko nui o ēnei mīhini hou ka taea e ngā kaimātai matū te whakatauira i ngā pūnaha ngota ngota nui ake me ngā wā roa ake. Ka taea e ngā raraunga i kohia mai i aua tauira te āwhina i ngā kairangahau ki te pana i ngā rohe o ngā mea ka taea i roto i te matū mā te whakawhāiti i te āputa i waenga i ngā tauhohenga i roto i te pounamu me ngā whakatauira mariko e whakamahia ana hei whakatauira i a rātou. "Kei te tae tātou ki tētahi wā ka taea e tātou te tīmata ki te pātai mō ngā mea e ngaro ana i roto i ā tātou tikanga ariā, i ngā tauira rānei e tata atu ai tātou ki te mea e kīia mai ana e tētahi whakamātautau he pono," ko tā Theresa Windus, he kaimātai matū rorohiko i te Whare Wānanga o Iowa State me te kaiārahi kaupapa me te Kaupapa Rorohiko Exascale, ki a C&EN i te marama o Hepetema. Mā ngā whakatauira e whakahaerehia ana i runga i ngā rorohiko exascale ka āwhina i ngā matū ki te tito i ngā pūtake wahie hou me te hoahoa i ngā rauemi hou e ātete ana ki te āhuarangi.

I Menlo Park, California, puta noa i te motu, kei te tāuta te SLAC National Accelerator Laboratoryngā whakahoutanga tino pai ki te Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS)ka taea e ngā kaimātai matū te tirotiro hohonu atu ki te ao tino tere o ngā ngota me ngā irahiko. Kua hangaia te whare i runga i tētahi whakaterenga raina 3 km te roa, ko ētahi wāhanga ka whakamataohia ki te herium wai ki raro ki te 2 K, hei whakaputa i tētahi momo pūtake mārama tino tika, tino tere e kiia nei ko te taiaho irahiko kore-hihi-X (XFEL). Kua whakamahia e ngā kaimātai matū ngā pāorooro kaha o ngā taputapu hei hanga kiriata ngota i taea ai e rātou te mātakitaki i ngā tukanga maha, pērā i te hanganga hononga matū me te mahi a ngā whākōkī whakaahua. "I roto i te uira femtosecond, ka taea e koe te kite i ngā ngota e tū ana, e whati ana ngā hononga ngota kotahi," te kōrero a Leora Dresselhaus-Marais, he kaipūtaiao rauemi me ngā tūranga tahi i Te Whare Wānanga o Stanford me SLAC, ki a C&EN i te marama o Hūrae. Mā ngā whakapainga ki te LCLS ka taea hoki e ngā kaipūtaiao te whakapai ake i te kaha o ngā hihi-X ina wātea mai ngā āheinga hou i te tīmatanga o te tau e tū mai nei.

Whiwhinga: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

Kua hangaia te taiaho hihi-X a te SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory i runga i te whakaterenga raina 3 kiromita te roa i Menlo Park, California.

I tēnei tau, i kite hoki ngā kaipūtaiao i te kaha o te Karu Whānui Ātea James Webb (JWST) kua roa e tatarihia ana mō te hura i tete uauatanga matū o tō tātou ao tūroaKua tukuna kētia e NASA me ōna hoa mahi—te Tari Wāhi o Ūropi, te Tari Wāhi o Kanata, me te Whare Pūtaiao Tirotiro Wāhi—ngā whakaahua maha, mai i ngā whakaahua whakamiharo o ngā nebulae whetu ki ngā tapumati taketake o ngā tupuni tawhito. Ko te karu tiro infrared $10 piriona te utu kua whakapaipaihia ki ngā huinga taputapu pūtaiao kua hangaia hei tūhura i te hītori hohonu o tō tātou ao. Tekau tau te roa o te hanganga, kua eke te JWST ki runga ake i ngā tumanakohanga a ōna kaihangarau mā te tango i tētahi whakaahua o tētahi tupuni hurihuri i tōna āhua i te 4.6 piriona tau ki muri, me ngā tohu tirotiro o te hāora, te neon, me ētahi atu ngota. I inehia hoki e ngā kaipūtaiao ngā tohu o ngā kapua mamaoa me te kohu i runga i tētahi aorangi, e whakarato ana i ngā raraunga hei āwhina i ngā tohunga whetū ki te rapu i ngā ao ka taea te noho ki tua atu o te Ao.